{"product_id":"crs-report-for-congress-female-genital-mutilation-as-persecution-when-can-it-constitute-a-basis-for-asylum-and-withholding-of-removal-paperback","title":"Crs Report for Congress: Female Genital Mutilation as Persecution: When Can It Constitute a Basis for Asylum and Withholding of Removal? - Paperback","description":"\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right;\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/reportcopyrightinfringement.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eReport copyright infringement\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003cp\u003eby \u003cb\u003eYule Kim\u003c\/b\u003e (Author), \u003cb\u003eCongressional Research Service the Libr\u003c\/b\u003e (Created by)\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale genital mutilation (FGM) encompasses a wide range of procedures which involve the removal or alteration of a woman's genitalia. The federal courts and the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) have classified FGM as a form of persecution, a showing of which can act as a basis for a successful asylum or withholding of removal claim. However, recent developments in this area of law have created a split between the federal courts and the BIA over the treatment of applicants who have already been subjected to FGM. The federal courts that have addressed this issue have held that a past infliction of FGM creates a presumption of a well-founded fear of future persecution, which is a prerequisite for refugee status, and also a clear probability of future harm, a requirement for obtaining withholding of removal. The BIA, on the other hand, has rejected this position, arguing that FGM can be inflicted only once, which means that an applicant cannot have a well-founded fear or present a clear probability of FGM happening again in the future. Thus, under the BIA interpretation, the past infliction of FGM, a form of past persecution, not only creates a presumption of a well-founded fear of ...\u003c\/p\u003e\n            \u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of Pages:\u003c\/strong\u003e 28\u003c\/div\u003e\n            \u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDimensions:\u003c\/strong\u003e 0.06 x 9.69 x 7.44 IN\u003c\/div\u003e\n            \u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePublication Date:\u003c\/strong\u003e September 26, 2013\u003c\/div\u003e\n            ","brand":"BooksCloud","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45574281691238,"sku":"9781287697060","price":30.59,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0599\/7255\/0758\/files\/T9SCGSf6GM9781287697060.webp?v=1777513833","url":"https:\/\/infinitylightwa.com\/products\/crs-report-for-congress-female-genital-mutilation-as-persecution-when-can-it-constitute-a-basis-for-asylum-and-withholding-of-removal-paperback","provider":"Infinity Light","version":"1.0","type":"link"}